Inline resources

Inline resources are full resource actions (chat, httpClient, sql, python, exec, file) placed directly inside a resource's before: or after: block. They run as part of that resource instead of requiring separate files.

In workflow mode they are a DAG feature. In agent mode they run inside the workflow when the LLM calls that workflow as a tool.

Basic syntax

# resources/example.yaml
actionId: example
name: Example Resource
# Inline resources to run BEFORE the main resource
before:
  - httpClient:
      method: GET
      url: "https://api.example.com/config"
  - exec:
      command: "echo 'Preparing environment...'"

# Main resource (chat, httpClient, sql, python, exec, or file)
chat:
  role: user
  prompt: "Process this data"

# Inline resources to run AFTER the main resource
after:
  - sql:
      connectionName: main  # DSN defined in ~/.kdeps/config.yaml sql_connections.main.connection
      query: "INSERT INTO logs VALUES (?)"
  - python:
      script: "print('Post-processing complete')"

Supported resource types

Each inline resource can be any supported execution block, including chat, httpClient, sql, python, exec, agent, component, scraper, embedding, searchLocal, searchWeb, telephony, browser, botReply, email, file, git, codeIntelligence, loader, vectorStore, transcribe, ocr, or apiResponse. Every execution type works as either the resource primary block or as an inline step in before:/after:.

When apiResponse is the only primary block and the resource has before: or after: inline steps, the response is evaluated exactly once - after all before: steps have run - so API clients always receive a single response object.

Execution order

Common use cases

1. Data enrichment

Fetch additional data before processing:

# resources/example.yaml
before:
  - httpClient:
      method: GET
      url: "https://api.example.com/user/{{get('user_id')}}"
      timeout: 5s

chat:
  prompt: "Analyze user: {{get('_output')}}"

2. Logging and auditing

Record operations in a database:

# resources/example.yaml
chat:
  prompt: "{{get('prompt')}}"

after:
  - sql:
      connectionName: logs_db  # DSN defined in ~/.kdeps/config.yaml sql_connections.logs_db.connection
      query: "INSERT INTO audit_log (action, timestamp) VALUES (?, NOW())"
      params: ["chat_completion"]

3. Notifications

Send alerts after completion:

# resources/example.yaml
python:
  script: "process_data.py"

after:
  - httpClient:
      method: POST
      url: "https://api.example.com/notify"
      data:
        status: "completed"
        timestamp: "{{now()}}"

4. Environment setup

Prepare files or environment before execution:

# resources/example.yaml
before:
  - exec:
      command: "mkdir -p /tmp/workspace"
  - exec:
      command: "cp config.json /tmp/workspace/"

python:
  script: "process_with_config.py"

after:
  - exec:
      command: "rm -rf /tmp/workspace"

5. Caching

Store results for future use:

# resources/example.yaml
chat:
  prompt: "{{get('query')}}"

after:
  - sql:
      connectionName: cache_db  # DSN defined in ~/.kdeps/config.yaml sql_connections.cache_db.connection
      query: "INSERT INTO response_cache (query_hash, response) VALUES (?, ?) ON CONFLICT (query_hash) DO UPDATE SET response = excluded.response"
      params: ["{{get('query_hash')}}", "{{get('_output')}}"]

Multiple inline resources

You can have multiple inline resources of the same or different types:

# resources/example.yaml
before:
  - httpClient:
      method: GET
      url: "https://api.example.com/config"
  - httpClient:
      method: GET
      url: "https://api.example.com/user"
  - exec:
      command: "echo 'Starting...'"

chat:
  prompt: "{{get('prompt')}}"

after:
  - sql:
      connectionName: main  # DSN defined in ~/.kdeps/config.yaml sql_connections.main.connection
      query: "INSERT INTO results VALUES (?)"
  - python:
      script: "send_metrics.py"
  - httpClient:
      method: POST
      url: "https://api.example.com/complete"

Resources without main type

You can have a resource with only inline resources and no main resource type:

# resources/example.yaml
before:
  - httpClient:
      method: GET
      url: "https://api.example.com/data"

after:
  - sql:
      connectionName: main  # DSN defined in ~/.kdeps/config.yaml sql_connections.main.connection
      query: "INSERT INTO cache VALUES (?)"

This is useful for orchestration tasks where you need to coordinate multiple operations.

Error handling

If an inline resource fails:

• Execution stops immediately
• The error is propagated to the resource level
• Subsequent inline resources are not executed
• The main resource is not executed (if the failure occurred in before)

You can use the resource's onError configuration to handle errors:

# resources/example.yaml
before:
  - httpClient:
      method: GET
      url: "https://api.example.com/config"

chat:
  prompt: "{{get('prompt')}}"

onError:
  action: continue
  fallback:
    error: true
    message: "Processing failed"

Accessing context

Inline resources have access to the full execution context:

# resources/example.yaml
before:
  - set('user_id', get('input.user_id'))

before:
  # Access variables set in before
  - httpClient:
      method: GET
      url: "https://api.example.com/user/{{get('user_id')}}"

chat:
  # Access results from previous steps
  prompt: "User data: {{get('_output')}}"

Configuration options

Each inline resource supports the same configuration options as the standalone resource:

HTTP client

# resources/example.yaml
- httpClient:
    method: POST
    url: "https://api.example.com"
    headers:
      Authorization: "Bearer {{get('token')}}"
    data:
      key: "value"
    timeout: 10s
    retry:
      maxAttempts: 3
      backoff: 1s

SQL

# resources/example.yaml
- sql:
    connectionName: main  # DSN defined in ~/.kdeps/config.yaml sql_connections.main.connection
    query: "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?"
    params:
      - "{{get('user_id')}}"
    timeout: 5s

Python

# resources/example.yaml
- python:
    script: |
      import json
      result = process_data()
      print(json.dumps(result))
    timeout: 30s
    venvName: "myenv"

Exec

# resources/example.yaml
- exec:
    command: "process_file.sh"
    args:
      - "{{get('filename')}}"
    timeout: 60s

Chat (LLM)

# resources/example.yaml
- chat:
    role: user
    prompt: "{{get('prompt')}}"
    timeout: 30s

Best practices

1. Keep inline resources focused: Each should perform a single, well-defined task
2. Use descriptive configurations: Make it clear what each inline resource does
3. Handle errors appropriately: Consider using onError for critical workflows
4. Set appropriate timeouts: Prevent hanging on slow operations
5. Order matters: Inline resources execute sequentially in the order defined
6. Use expressions: Access context data with {{get('variable')}}
7. Consider alternatives: For complex workflows, separate resources may be clearer

Comparison with separate resources

Traditional approach (separate resources)

# 5 separate resource files
- fetch-config.yaml
- prepare-env.yaml
- main-processing.yaml
- store-results.yaml
- send-notification.yaml

With inline resources

# Single resource file
before:
  - httpClient: { ... }  # Fetch config
  - exec: { ... }        # Prepare env
chat: { ... }            # Main processing
after:
  - sql: { ... }         # Store results
  - httpClient: { ... }  # Send notification

Benefits:

• Fewer files to manage
• Related operations grouped together
• Clearer execution flow
• Reduced boilerplate
• Easier to understand and maintain

Advanced patterns

Conditional inline resources

Use expressions with inline resources:

# resources/example.yaml
before:
  - set('should_notify', get('input.notify') == true)

chat:
  prompt: "{{get('prompt')}}"

after:
  - set('notification_sent', get('should_notify') == true)

Combining with items

Inline resources work with the items feature:

# resources/example.yaml
items:
  - item1
  - item2

before:
  - httpClient:
      url: "https://api.example.com/prepare/{{item.current()}}"

chat:
  prompt: "Process {{item.current()}}"

after:
  - sql:
      query: "INSERT INTO results VALUES (?)"
      params: ["{{item.current()}}"]

See also

• Expression blocks - Using before and after
• Error handling - Handling errors in resources
• Items - Iterating over collections
• Examples - Complete example with inline resources